Gange (1965) purported that effective instruction influences internal processes; he stated instruction is "a deliberately arranged set of external events designed to support internal learning processes" (pg. 11). He identified events that support this process. Gagne derived these events from an understanding of the following cognitive processes:

1. Attention: Determines the extent and nature of reception of incoming stimulation.
2. Selective Perception (sometimes called pattern recognition): Transforms this stimulation into the form of object-features, for storage in short-term memory.
3. Rehearsal: Maintains and renews the items stored in short-term memory.
4. Semantic Encoding: Prepares information for long-term storage.
5. Retrieval, including search: Returns stored information to the working memory or to a response generator.
6. Response Organization: Selects and organizes performance.
7. Feedback: Provides the learner with information about performances and sets in motion the process of reinforcement.
8. Executive Control Processes: Select and activate cognitive strategies; these modify any or all of the previously listed internal processes.

Gagne's corresponding events, respectively, include:

1. Gaining attention
2. Informing learner of objectives
3. Stimulating recall of prior learning
4. Presenting the stimulus material
5. Providing learning guidance
6. Eliciting the performance
7. Providing feedback about performance correctness
8. Assessing the performance
9. Enhancing retention and transfer

Depending on time content, and other factors, not all events occur for each lesson. If you desire to read more, read Gagne's book, The Conditions of Learning.